BASIC ACCOUNTING : DICTIONERY

A  Account a record summarizing all the information pertaining to a single item in the accounting equation Account balance the amount in an account Account number  the number assigned to an account Account title  the name given to an account Accounting  planning, recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial information Accounting cycle  the series of accounting activities included in recording financial information for a fiscal period Accounting equation  an equation showing the relationship among assets, liabilities, and owner's equity Accounting period  see Fiscal period  Accounting records  organized summaries of a business's financial activities Accounting system  a planned process for providing financial information that will be useful to management Accounts expenses  expenses incurred in one fiscal period but not paid until a later fiscal period Accounts payable ledger  a subsidiary ledger containing only accounts for vendors from whom items are purchased or bought on account Accounts receivable ledger  a subsidiary ledger containing only accounts for charge customers Accounts receivable turnover ratio  the number of times the average amount of accounts receivable is collected during a specified period Accrual basis of accounting  the accounting method that records revenues when they are earned and expenses when they are incurred Accrued expenses expenses incurred in one fiscal period but not paid until a later fiscal period Accrued interest expense interest incurred but not yet paid Accrued interest income interest earned but not yet received Accrued revenue revenue earned in one fiscal period but not received until a later fiscal period Accumulated depreciation the total amount of depreciation expense that has been recorded since the purchase of a plant asset Acid-test ratio a ratio that shows the numeric relationship of quick assets to current liabilities Adjusting entries journal entries recorded to update general ledger accounts at the end of a fiscal period Adjustments changes recorded on a work sheet to update general ledger accounts at the end of a fiscal period Administrative expenses budget schedule a statement that shows the projected expenses for all operating expenses not directly related to selling operations Aging accounts receivable analyzing accounts receivable according to when they are due Allowance method of recording losses from collectible accounts crediting the estimated value of uncollectible accounts to a contra account Amortization recognizing a portion of an expense in each of several years

Appropriations authorizations to make expenditures for specified purposes Articles of incorporation a written application requesting permission to form a corporation Assessed value the value of an asset determined by tax authorities for the purpose of calculating taxes Asset anything of value that is owned Auditing the independent reviewing and issuing of an opinion on the reliability of accounting records Auditor a person who examines the records that support the financial records of a business to assure that generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are being followed Automatic check deposit depositing payroll checks directly to an employee's checking or savings account in a specific bank Average number of days' sales in merchandise inventory the period of time needed to sell an average amount of merchandise inventory B  Bad debts see Uncollectible accounts  Balance sheet a financial statement that reports assets, liabilities, and owner's equity on a specific date Bank statement a report of deposits, withdrawals, and bank balances sent to a depositor by a bank Bill of exchange see Draft  Bill of lading a receipt signed by the authorized agent of a transportation company for merchandise received that also serves as a contract for the delivery of the merchandise Blank endorsement an endorsement consisting only of the endorser's signature Board of directors a group of persons elected by the stockholders to manage a corporation Bond a printed, long-term promise to pay a specified amount on a specific date and to pay interest at stated intervals Bond issue all the bonds representing the total amount of a loan Bond sinking fund an amount set aside to pay a bond issue when due Book inventory see Perpetual inventory  Book value the difference between an asset's account balance and its related contra account balance Book value of a plant asset the original cost of a plant asset minus accumulated depreciation Book value of accounts receivable the difference between the balance of Accounts Receivable and its contra account, Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Book value per share see Equity per share  Breakeven point the amount of sales at which net sales is exactly the same as total costs Budget a written financial plan of a business for a specific period of time, expressed in dollars Budget period the length of time covered by a budget Budgeted income statement a statement that shows a company's projected sales, costs,expenses, and net income Budgeting planning the financial operations of a business

C Capital the account used to summarize the owner's equity in a business Capital stock total shares of ownership in a corporation Cash basis of accounting the accounting method that records revenues when they are received and expenses when they are paid Cash budget a statement that shows for each month or quarter a projection of a company's beginning cash balance, cash receipts, cash payments, and ending cash balance Cash discount a deduction from the invoice amount, allowed by a vendor to encourage early payment Cash flows the cash receipts and cash payments of a company Cash over a petty cash on hand amount that is more than a recorded amount Cash payments budget schedule projected cash payments Cash payments journal a special journal used to record only cash payment transactions Cash receipts budget schedule projected cash receipts Cash receipts journal a special journal used to record only cash receipt transactions Cash sale a sale in which cash is received for the total amount of the sale at the time of the transaction Cash short a petty cash on hand amount that is less than a recorded amount Certificate of deposit a document issued by a bank as evidence of money invested with the bank Charge sale see Sale on account  Chart of accounts a list of accounts used by a business Charter the approved articles of incorporation Check a business form ordering a bank to pay cash from a bank account Check register a journal used in a voucher system to record cash payments Checking account a bank account from which payments can be ordered by a depositor Closing entries journal entries used to prepare temporary accounts for a new fiscal period Commercial invoice a statement prepared by the seller of merchandise addressed to the buyer, showing a detailed listing and description of merchandise sold, including prices and terms Common stock stock that does not give stockholders any special preferences Comparative income statement an income statement containing sales, cost, and expense information for two or more years Component percentage the percentage relationship between one financial statement item and the total that includes that item Consignee the person or business who receives goods on consignment Consignment goods that are given to a business to sell, but for which title to the goods remains with the vendor Consignor the person or business who gives goods on consignment Contra account an account that reduces a related account on a financial statement Contra balance an account balance that is opposite the normal balance Contract of sale a document that details all the terms agreed to by seller and buyer for a sales transaction Contribution margin income determined by subtracting all variable costs from net sales Controlling account an account in a general ledger that summarizes all accounts in a subsidiary ledger

Corporation an organization with the legal rights of a person and which may be owned by many persons Correcting entry a journal entry made to correct an error in the ledger Cost accounting the determination and control of costs of a business enterprise Cost ledger a ledger containing all cost sheets for products in the process of being manufactured Cost of goods sold see Cost of merchandise sold  Cost of merchandise the price a business pays for goods it purchases to sell Cost of merchandise sold the total original price of all merchandise sold during a fiscal period Credit an amount recorded on the right side of a T account Credit card sale a sale in which a credit card is used for the total amount of the sale at the time of the transaction Credit memorandum a form prepared by the vendor showing the amount deducted for returns and allowances Creditor a person or organization to whom a liability is owed Current assets cash and other assets expected to be exchanged for cash or consumed within a year Current liabilities liabilities due within a short time, usually within a year Current ratio a ratio that shows the numeric relationship of current assets to current liabilities Customer a person or business to whom merchandise or services are sold D  Date of a note the day a note is signed  Date of declaration the date on which a board of directors votes to distribute a dividend  Date of payment the date on which dividends are actually to be paid to stockholders  Debit an amount recorded on the left side of a T account  Debit card a bank card that, when making purchases, automatically deducts the amount of the purchase from the checking account of the cardholder  Debit memorandum a form prepared by the customer showing the price deduction taken by the customer for returns and allowances  Debt ratio the ratio found by dividing total liabilities by total assets Declaring a dividend action by a board of directors to distribute corporate earnings to stockholders  Declining-balance method of depreciation multiplying the book value by a constantdepreciation rate at the end of each fiscal period Deferred revenue see Unearned revenue  Deficit the amount by which allowances to partners exceed net income  Departmental accounting system an accounting system showing accounting information for two or more departments  Departmental margin the revenue earned by a department less its cost of merchandise sold and less its direct expenses  Departmental margin statement a statement that reports departmental margin for a specific department  Departmental statement of gross profit a statement prepared at the end of a fiscal period showing the gross profit for each department

Depletion the decrease in the value of a plant asset because of the removal of a natural resource  Depreciation expense the portion of a plant asset's cost that is transferred to an expense account in each fiscal period during a plant asset's useful life  Direct expense an operating expense identifiable with and chargeable to the operation of a specific department  Direct labor salaries of factory workers who make a product  Direct materials materials that are of significant value in the cost of and that become an identifiable part of a finished product  Direct write-off method of recording losses from uncollectible accounts recording uncollectible accounts expense only when an amount is actually known to be uncollectible  Discount on capital stock an amount less than par or stated value at which capital stock is sold  Dishonored check a check that a bank refuses to pay  Dishonored note a note that is not paid when due  Distribution of net income statement a partnership financial statement showing net income or loss distribution to partners  Dividends earnings distributed to stockholders Double-entry accounting the recording of debit and credit parts of a transaction  Doubtful accounts see Uncollectible accounts  Draft a written, signed, and dated order from one party ordering another party, usually a bank, to pay money to a third party  E  Earnings per share the amount of net income belonging to a single share of stock  Electronic funds transfer a computerized cash payments system that uses electronic impulses to transfer funds  Employee benefits payments to employees for non-working hours and to insurance and retirement programs  Employee earnings record a business form used to record details affecting payments made to an employee  Encumbrance a commitment to pay for goods or services that have been ordered but not yet provided  Endorsement a signature or stamp on the back of a check transferring ownership  Endorsement in full see Special endorsement  Entry information for each transaction recorded in a journal  Equities financial rights to the assets of a business  Equity per share the amount of total stockholders' equity belonging to a single share of stock  Equity ratio the ratio found by dividing stockholders' equity by total assets  Estimated salvage value the amount an owner expects to receive when a plant asset is removed from use  Ethics the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions  Exhibit see Supporting schedule  Expenditures cash disbursements and liabilities incurred for the cost of goods delivered or services rendered  Expense a decrease in owner's equity resulting from the operation of a business

Exports goods or services shipped out of a seller's home country to a foreign country  F  Face amount see Principal of a note  Factory overhead all expenses other than direct materials and direct labor that apply to the making of products  Federal unemployment tax a federal tax used for state and federal administrative expenses of the unemployment program  Fifo see First-in, first-out inventory costing method  File maintenance the procedure for arranging accounts in a general ledger, assigning account numbers, and keeping records current  Financial accounting the recording of a business's financial activities and the periodic preparation of financial reports  Financing activities cash receipts and payments involving debt or equity transactions  Finished goods manufactured products that are fully completed Finished goods ledger a ledger containing records of all finished goods on hand  First-in, first-out inventory costing method using the price of merchandise purchased first to calculate the cost of merchandise sold first  Fiscal period the length of time for which a business summarizes and reports financial information  Fixed assets see Plant assets  Fixed costs total costs that remain constant regardless of change in business activity  Fund a governmental accounting entity with a set of accounts in which assets always equal liabilities plus equities

G  Gain on plant assets revenue that results when a plant asset is sold for more than book value  General amount column a journal amount column that is not headed with an account title  General fixed assets governmental properties that benefit future periods  General journal a journal with two amount columns in which all kinds of entries can be recorded  General ledger a ledger that contains all accounts needed to prepare financial statements  Goodwill the value of a business in excess of the total investment of owners  Gross earnings see Total earnings  Gross pay see Total earnings  Gross profit method of estimating inventory estimating inventory by using the previous year's percentage of gross profit on operations Gross profit on sales the revenue remaining after cost of merchandise sold has been deducted

H  Horizontal analysis see Trend analysis  I  Imports goods or services bought from a foreign country and brought into a buyer's home country  Income statement a financial statement showing the revenue and expenses for a fiscal period  Indirect expense an operating expense chargeable to overall business operations and not identifiable with a specific department  Indirect labor salaries paid to factory workers who are not actually making products  Indirect materials materials used in the completion of a product that are of insignificant value to justify accounting for separately  Intangible assets assets of a non-physical nature that have value for a business  Interest an amount paid for the use of money for a period of time  Interest expense the interest accrued on money borrowed  Interest income the interest earned on money loaned  Interest rate of a note the percentage of the principal that is paid for use of the money  Interim departmental statement of gross profit a statement showing gross profit for each department for a portion of a fiscal period  Internal auditor see Auditor    Inventory the amount of goods on hand  Inventory record a form used during a periodic inventory to record information about each item of merchandise on hand  Investing activities cash receipts and cash payments involving the sale or purchase of assets used to earn revenue over a period of time  Invoice a form describing the goods or services sold, the quantity, and the price  J  Journal a form for recording transactions in chronological order  Journalizing recording transactions in a journal  L  Last-in, first-out inventory costing method using the price of merchandise purchased last to calculate the cost of merchandise sold first  Ledger a group of accounts  Letter of credit a letter issued by a bank guaranteeing that a named individual or business will be paid a specified amount, provided stated conditions are met  Liability an amount owed by a business  Lifo see Last-in, first-out inventory costing method  Liquidation of a partnership the process of paying a partnership's liabilities and distributing remaining assets to the partners List price a business's printed or catalog price  Long-term assets see Plant assets  Long-term liabilities liabilities owed for more than a year

Loss on plant assets the loss that results when a plant asset is sold for less than book value  Lower of cost or market inventory costing method using the lower of cost or market price to calculate the cost of ending merchandise inventory  M  MACRS see Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System  Maker of a note the person or business who signs a note and thus promises to make payment  Management advisory services management advice provided to an organization by a private accountant  Managerial accounting the analysis, measurement, and interpretation of financial accounting information    Marginal income see Contribution margin  Market value the price at which a share of stock may be sold on the stock market  Markup the amount added to the cost of merchandise to establish the selling price  Materials ledger a ledger containing all records of materials  Maturity date of a note the date a note is due  Maturity value the amount that is due on the maturity date of a note  Medicare tax a federal tax paid for hospital insurance  Memorandum a form on which a brief message is written describing a transaction  Merchandise goods that a merchandising business purchases to sell  Merchandise inventory the amount of goods on hand for sale to customers  Merchandise inventory turnover ratio the number of times the average amount of merchandise inventory is sold during a specific period of time  Merchandising business a business that purchases and sells goods  Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System a depreciation method required by the Internal Revenue Service to be used for income tax calculation purposes for most plant assets placed in service after 1986  Mutual agency the right of all partners to contract for a partnership  N  Net income the difference between total revenue and total expenses when total revenue is greater  Net loss the difference between total revenue and total expenses when total expenses is greater  Net pay the total earnings paid to an employee after payroll taxes and other deductions  Net purchases total purchases less purchases discount and purchases returns and allowances  Net sales total sales less sales discount and sales returns and allowances  No-par-value stock a share of stock that has no authorized value printed on the stock certificate  Nominal accounts see Temporary accounts  Nonprofit organization see Not-for-profit organization  Normal balance the side of the account that is increased  Not-for-profit organization an organization providing goods or services with neither a conscious motive nor expectation of earning a profit

Note see Notes payable  Notes payable promissory notes signed by a business and given to a creditor  Notes receivable promissory notes that a business accepts from customers  Number of a note the number assigned to identify a specific note O  Opening an account writing an account title and number on the heading of an account  Operating activities the cash receipts and payments necessary to operate a business on a day-to-day basis  Operating budget a plan of current expenditures and the proposed means of financing those expenditures  Organization costs fees and other expenses of organizing a corporation  Other revenue and expenses budget schedule budgeted revenue and expenses from activities other than normal operations  Overapplied overhead the amount by which applied factory overhead is more than actual factory overhead  Overhead see Factory overhead  Owner's equity the amount remaining after the value of all liabilities is subtracted from the value of all assets  Owners' equity statement a financial statement that summarizes the changes in owners' equity during a fiscal period  P  Par value a value assigned to a share of stock and printed on the stock certificate  Par-value stock a share of stock that has an authorized value printed on the stock certificate  Partner each member of a partnership  Partnership a business in which two or more persons combine their assets and skills  Partnership agreement a written agreement setting forth the conditions under which a partnership is to operate  Pay period the period covered by a salary payment  Payee of a note the person or business to whom the amount of a note is payable  Payroll the total amount earned by all employees for a pay period  Payroll register a business form used to record payroll information Payroll taxes taxes based on the payroll of a business  Performance report a report showing a comparison of projected and actual amounts for a specific period of time  Periodic inventory a merchandise inventory determined by counting, weighing, or measuring items of merchandise on hand  Permanent accounts accounts used to accumulate information from one fiscal period to the next  Perpetual inventory a merchandise inventory determined by keeping a continuous record of increases, decreases, and balance on hand  Personal financial planning assisting individuals in managing their personal investments  Personal property all property not classified as real property  Petty cash an amount of cash kept on hand and used for making small payments  Petty cash slip a form showing proof of a petty cash payment

Physical inventory see Periodic inventory  Plant asset record an accounting form on which a business records information about each plant asset  Plant assets assets that will be used for a number of years in the operation of a business  Post-closing trial balance a trial balance prepared after the closing entries are posted  Postdated check a check with a future date on it  Posting transferring information from a journal entry to a ledger account  Preferred stock stock that gives stockholders preference in earnings and other rights  Prepaid expenses expenses paid in one fiscal period but not reported as expenses until a later fiscal period  Price-earnings ratio the relationship between the market value per share and earnings per share of a stock  Principal of a note the original amount of a note; sometimes referred to as face amount of a note  Production-unit method of depreciation calculating estimated annual depreciation expense based on the amount of production expected from a plant asset  Promissory note a written and signed promise to pay a sum of money at a specified time  Proprietorship a business owned by one person  Proving cash determining that the amount of cash agrees with the accounting records  Purchase invoice an invoice used as a source document for recording a purchase on account transaction  Purchase order a completed form authorizing a seller to deliver goods with payment to be made later  Purchases allowance credit allowed for part of the purchase price of merchandise that is not returned, resulting in a decrease in the customer's accounts payable  Purchases budget schedule a statement prepared to show the projected amount of purchases that will be required during a budget period  Purchases discount a cash discount on purchases taken by a customer  Purchases journal a special journal used to record only purchases of merchandise on account  Purchases return credit allowed for the purchase price of returned merchandise, resulting in a decrease in the customer's accounts payable  Q  Quick assets those current assets that are cash or that can be quickly turned into cash  R  Rate earned on average stockholders' equity the relationship between net income and average stockholders' equity  Rate earned on average total assets the relationship between net income and average total assets  Rate earned on net sales the rate found by dividing net income after federal income tax by net sales  Ratio a comparison between two numbers showing how many times one number exceeds the other  Real accounts see Permanent accounts

Real estate see Real property  Real property land and anything attached to the land  Realization cash received from the sale of assets during liquidation of a partnership  Receipt a business form giving written acknowledgement for cash received  Residual value see Estimated salvage value  Responsibility accounting assigning control of business revenues, costs, and expenses as a responsibility of a specific manager  Responsibility statements financial statements reporting revenue, costs, and direct expenses under a specific department's control  Restrictive endorsement an endorsement restricting further transfer of a check's ownership  Retail merchandising business a merchandising business that sells to those who use or consume the goods  Retail method of estimating inventory estimating inventory by using a percentage based on both cost and retail prices Retained earnings an amount earned by a corporation and not yet distributed to stockholders  Retiring a bond issue paying the amounts owed to bondholders for a bond issue  Revenue an increase in owner's equity resulting from the operation of a business  Reversing entry an entry made at the beginning of one fiscal period to reverse an adjusting entry made in the previous fiscal period  S  Salary the money paid for employee services  Sale on account a sale for which cash will be received at a later date  Sales allowance credit allowed a customer for part of the sales price of merchandise that is not returned, resulting in a decrease in the vendor's accounts receivable  Sales budget schedule a statement that shows the projected net sales for a budget period  Sales discount a cash discount on sales  Sales invoice an invoice used as a source document for recording a sale on account  Sales journal a special journal used to record only sales of merchandise on account  Sales mix relative distribution of sales among various products  Sales return credit allowed a customer for the sales price of returned merchandise, resulting in a decrease in the vendor's accounts receivable  Sales slip see Sales invoice  Sales tax a tax on a sale of merchandise or services  Salvage value see Estimated salvage value  Schedule of accounts payable a listing of vendor accounts, account balances, and total amount due all vendors  Schedule of accounts receivable a listing of customer accounts, account balances, and total amount due from all customers  Scrap value see Estimated salvage value  Selling expenses budget schedule a statement prepared to show projected expenditures related directly to the selling operations  Serial bonds portions of a bond issue that mature on different dates Service business a business that performs an activity for a fee  Share of stock each unit of ownership in a corporation  Sight draft a draft payable on sight when the holder presents it for payment

Social security tax a federal tax paid for old-age, survivors, and disability insurance  Sole proprietorship see Proprietorship  Source document a business paper from which information is obtained for a journal entry  Special amount column a journal amount column headed with an account title  Special endorsement an endorsement indicating a new owner of a check  Special journal a journal used to record only one kind of transaction  State unemployment tax a state tax used to pay benefits to unemployed workers  Stated-value stock no-par-value stock that is assigned a value by a corporation  Statement of cash flows a statement that summarizes cash receipts and cash payments resulting from business activities during a fiscal period  Statement of cost of goods manufactured a statement showing details about the cost of finished goods  Statement of stockholders' equity a financial statement that shows changes in a corporation's ownership for a fiscal period  Stock certificate written evidence of the number of shares each stockholder owns in a corporation  Stock ledger a file of stock records for all merchandise on hand Stock record a form used to show the kind of merchandise, quantity received, quantity sold, and balance on hand  Stockholder an owner of one or more shares of a corporation  Stockholders' equity value of the owners' equity in a corporation Straight-line method of depreciation charging an equal amount of depreciation expense for a plant asset in each year of useful life  Subscribing for capital stock entering into an agreement with a corporation to buy capital stock and pay at a later date  Subsidiary ledger a ledger that is summarized in a single general ledger account  Sum-of-the-years-digits method of depreciation using fractions based on years of a plant asset's useful life  Supplementary report see Supporting schedule  Supporting schedule a report prepared to give details about an item on a principal financial statement  T  T account an accounting device used to analyze transactions  Taking an inventory see Periodic inventory  Tax accounting the preparation of tax returns as well as tax planning  Tax base the maximum amount of earnings on which a tax is calculated  Tax levy authorized action taken by a governmental organization to collect taxes by legal authority  Temporary accounts accounts used to accumulate information until it is transferred to the owner's capital account  Term bonds bonds that all mature on the same date  Terms of sale an agreement between a buyer and a seller about payment for merchandise  Time draft a draft that is payable at a fixed or determinable future time after it is accepted  Time of a note the days, months, or years from the date of signing until a note is to be paid  Total costs all costs for a specific period of time

Total earnings the total pay due for a pay period before deductions  Trade acceptance a form signed by a buyer at the time of a sale of merchandise in which the buyer promises to pay the seller a specified sum of money, usually at a stated time in the future  Trade discount a reduction in the list price granted to customers  Transaction a business activity that changes assets, liabilities, or owner's equity  Treasury stock a corporation's own stock that has been issued and reacquired  Trend analysis a comparison of the relationship between one item on a financial statement and the same item on a previous fiscal period's financial statement  Trial balance a proof of the equality of debits and credits in a general ledger  Trustee a person or institution, usually a bank, who is given legal authorization to administer property for the benefit of property owners  U  Uncollectible accounts accounts receivable that cannot be collected  Underapplied overhead the amount by which applied factory overhead is less than actual factory overhead  Unearned revenue revenue received in one fiscal period but not earned until the next fiscal period  Unit cost an amount spent for one of a specific product or service  V  Variable costs total costs that change in direct proportion to a change in the number of units  Vendor a business from which merchandise is purchased or supplies or other assets are bought  Vertical analysis see Component percentage  Voucher a business form used to show an authorized person's approval for a cash payment  Voucher check a check with space for writing details about a cash payment  Voucher jacket see Voucher  Voucher register a journal used to record vouchers  Voucher system a set of procedures for controlling cash payments by preparing and  approving vouchers before payments are made  W  Weighted-average inventory costing method using the average cost of beginning inventory plus merchandise purchased during a fiscal period to calculate the cost of merchandise sold  Wholesale merchandising business a business that buys and resells merchandise to retail merchandising businesses  Withdrawals assets taken out of a business for the owner's personal use  Withholding allowance a deduction from total earnings for each person legally supported by a taxpayer, including the employee  Work in process products that are being manufactured but are not yet complete  Work sheet a columnar accounting form used to summarize the general ledger information needed to prepare financial statements  Working capital the amount of total current assets less total current liabilities

Writing off an account canceling the balance of a customer account because the customer does not pay